Bihar Board Class 12 Geography syllabus 2025-26: Check PDF Below

Part A

Fundamentals of Physical Geography

Unit 1

Human Geography: Nature and Scope

Unit 2

People

• Population-distribution, density and growth
• Population change-spatial patterns and structure; determinants of population change
• Population Composition - age-sex ratio; rural-urban composition
• Human Development - Concept; Selected Indicators and International Comparisons.

Unit 3

Human Activities

• Primary activities - concept and changing trends; gathering, pastoral, mining, subsistence agriculture, modern agriculture; people engaged in agricultural and allied activities - some examples from selected countries.
• Secondary activities-concept; manufacturing: types - household, small scale, large scale; agro-based and mineral-based industries; people engaged in secondary activities - some examples from selected countries
• Tertiary activities-concept; trade, transport and tourism; services; people engaged in tertiary activities - some examples from selected countries
• Quatenary activities-concept; people engaged in quaternary activities - case study from selected countries

Unit 4

Transport, Communication and Trade

• Land transport - roads, railways; trans-continental railways
• Water transport- inland waterways; major ocean routes
• Air transport- Intercontinental air routes
• Oil and gas pipelines
• Satellite communication and cyber space- importance and usage for geographical information; use of GPS
• International trade- bases and changing patterns; ports as gateways of international trade; role of WTO in international trade.

Unit 5

Human Settlements

• Settlement types - rural and urban; morphology of cities (case study); distribution of megacities; problems of human settlements in developing countries

Part B

India: People and Economy

Unit 6

People

• Population: distribution, density and growth; composition of population - linguistic, religious; sex, rural-urban and occupational-regional variations in growth of population.
• Migration: international, national causes and consequences
• Human development: selected indicators and regional patterns
• Population, environment and development.

Unit 7

Human Settlements

• Rural settlements - types and distribution
• Urban settlements - types, distribution and functional classification

Unit 8

Resources and Development

• Land resources- general land use; agricultural land use; geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber); agricultural development and problems
• Water resources- availability and utilization-irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses; scarcity of water and conservation methods- rainwater harvesting and watershed management
• Mineral and energy resources- distribution of metallic (Iron ore, Copper, Bauxite, Manganese); non-metallic (Mica, Salt) minerals; conventional (Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas and Hydroelectricity) and non-conventional energy sources (solar, wind, biogas) and conservation
• Industries - types, factors of industrial location; distribution and changing pattern of selected industries and steel, cotton textiles, sugar, petrochemicals, and knowledge-based industries; impact of liberalization, privatization and globalization on industrial location; industrial clusters
• Planning in India- target group area planning (case study); idea of sustainable development (case study)

Unit 9

Transport, Communication and International Trade

• Transport and communication- roads, railways, waterways and airways: oil and gas pipelines; Geographical information and communication networks.
• International trade- changing pattern of India's foreign trade; sea ports and their hinterland and airports.

Unit 10

Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems

• Environmental pollution; urban waste disposal
• Urbanization, rural-urban migration; problems of slums
• Land degradation

Part C

Practical Work

Unit 1

Processing of Data and Thematic Mapping

• Type and Sources of data: Primary, Secondary and other sources.
• Tabulating and processing of data; calculation of averages, measures of central tendency.
• Representation of data- construction of diagrams: bars, circles and flowchart; thematic maps; construction of dot; choropleth and isopleths maps.
• Data analysis and generation of diagrams, graphs and other visual diagrams using computers.

Unit 2

Field Study or Spatial Information Technology

• Field visit and study: map orientation, observation and preparation of sketch; survey on any one of the local concerns; pollution, ground water changes, land use and land-use changes, poverty, energy issues, soil degradation, impact of floods and drought, catchment area of school, Market survey and Household survey (any one topic of local concern may be taken up for the study; observation and questionnaire survey may be adopted for the data collection; collected data may be tabulated and analyzed with diagrams and maps). Students can be given different topics to get more insight into various problems of society.

OR

• Spatial Information Technology Introduction to GIS; hardware requirements and software modules; data formats; raster and vector data, data input, editing and topology building; data analysis; overlay and buffer.