Bihar Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26: Download PDF Below

The Bihar Board Class 12 Economics Syllabusis primarily divided into three parts: Macroeconomics, Microeconomics and Project Work. A total of 8 chapters are included in the syllabus, where Part A consists of 5 chapters and Part B consists of 4 chapters. Students can use the previous year's syllabus to prepare for the board exam since BSEB still needs to upload the latest syllabus.

The total weightage of the question paper in Economics will be 100 marks, out of which 50 marks will be allotted to MCQs. Each MCQ will carry 1 mark. The remaining 50 marks will be allotted for subjective-type questions, which will be further divided into two different sections of short-answer-type questions and long-answer-type questions. Students are required to score 33% marks overall to be considered passing students. Make sure to also check out the BSEB 12th Exam Pattern 2025-26 for other details. Check out more information about the Bihar Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26 here:

DownloadBihar Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26 here

Bihar Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26: Course Structure

You can check the course structure of economics in the table below:

Bihar Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025-26: Chapter-Wise

A total of 10 chapters are included in the Bihar Board Class 12 Economics Syllabus. Students can check out the detailed information about the different chapters included in the curriculum here:

Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics

Unit 1: National Income and Related Aggregates

• What is Macroeconomics?
• Basic concepts in macroeconomics: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods; stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation.
• Circular flow of income (two-sector model); Methods of calculating National Income - Value Added or Product method, Expenditure method, Income method. Aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), Gross and Net Domestic Product (GDP and NDP) - at market price, at factor cost; Real and Nominal GDP.
• GDP and Welfare

Unit 2: Money and Banking

• Money - meaning and supply of money - Currency held by the public and net demand deposits held by commercial banks.
• Money creation by the commercial banking system.
• Central bank and its functions (example of the Reserve Bank of India): Bank of issue, Govt. Bank, Banker's Bank, Control of Credit through Bank Rate, CRR, SLR, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate, Open Market Operations, Margin requirement.

Unit 3: Determination of Income and Employment

• Aggregate demand and its components. Propensity to consume and propensity to save (average and marginal).
• Short-run equilibrium output; investment multiplier and its mechanism. Meaning of full employment and involuntary unemployment.
• Problems of excess demand and deficient demand; measures to correct them - changes in government spending, taxes and money supply.

Unit 4: Government Budget and the Economy

• Government budget - meaning, objectives and components.
• Classification of receipts - revenue receipts and capital receipts; classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.
• Measures of government deficit - revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, primary deficit their meaning.

Unit 5: Balance of Payments

• Balance of payments account - meaning and components; balance of payments deficit meaning.
• Foreign exchange rate - meaning of fixed and flexible rates and managed floating.
• Determination of exchange rate in a free market.

Part B: Indian Economic Development

Unit 6: Development Experience (1947-90) and Economic Reforms since 1991:

• A brief introduction of the state of Indian economy on the eve of independence.
• Common goals of Five Year Plans.
• Main features, problems and policies of agriculture (institutional aspects and new agricultural strategy, etc.), industry (industrial licensing, etc.) and foreign trade. Economic Reforms since 1991: Features and appraisals of liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation (LPG policy); Concepts of demonetization and GST.

Unit 7: Current challenges facing Indian Economy

• Poverty- absolute and relative; Main programmes for poverty alleviation: A critical assessment;
• Rural development: Key issues - credit and marketing - role of cooperatives; agricultural diversification; alternative farming - organic farming
• Human Capital Formation: How people become resource; Role of human capital in economic development; Growth of Education Sector in India
• Employment: Formal and informal growth; problems and policies.
• Infrastructure: Meaning and Types: Case Studies: Energy and Health: Problems and Policies- A critical assessment;
• Sustainable Economic Development: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment, including global warming.

Unit 8: Development Experience of India:

• A comparison with neighbours
• India and Pakistan
• India and China
• Issues: growth, population, sectoral development and other Human Development Indicators.

Part C: Project in Economics

Prescribed Books:

1. Statistics for Economics, NCERT

2. Indian Economic Development, NCERT

3. Introductory Microeconomics, NCERT

4. Macroeconomics, NCERT

5. Supplementary Reading Material in Economics