Bihar Board Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus 2025-26: Download PDF Below

Units

Topics

Unit 1: Solid State

Classification of solids based on different binding forces: Molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.

Unit 2: Solutions

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.

Unit 3: Electrochemistry

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell, electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, and fuel cells corrosion.

Unit 4: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction, concentration, temperature, catalyst, order and molecularity of a reaction, rate laws and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concepts of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).

Unit 5: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption – Physisorption and chemisorption; factor affecting adsorption of gases on solids; catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity, enzyme catalysis, colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions, lyophilic, lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloidal; properties of colloids: Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion – types of emulsion.

Unit 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction – electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc, and iron.

Unit 7: Group I & II elements

Abnormal properties of first element of group-13 and group-14 elements, Diagonal relationship and different properties of groups I & group-II elements like chemical reactivities, atomic and Ionic radii, enthalpies of ionisation etc.

Unit 8: p-block Elements

• Group 15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen preparation properties & uses; compounds of Nitrogen, preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of Nitrogen (Structure only); Phosphorus – allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorus: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides PCl3, PCl5 and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
• Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of oxides, Ozone, Sulphur-allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: Preparation properties and uses of sulfur-dioxide, sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; oxoacids of sulphur (Structures only).
• Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only).
• Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties.

Unit 9: d and f-block elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, color, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.

Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, and lanthanoid contraction.

Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states.

Unit 10: Coordination Compounds

– Introduction, ligands, coordination number, color, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereo isomerism, the importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system).

Unit 11: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions.

Haloarenes: Nature of C -X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only).

Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform freons, DDT.

Unit 12: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties( of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

Unit 13: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, the reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

Unit 14: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

Cyanides and Isocyanides: will be mentioned at relevant places in context.

Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Unit 15: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates: Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) importance.

Proteins: Elementary idea of α – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, the structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes.

Vitamins: Classification and functions.

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

Unit 16: Polymers

Classification – natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

Unit 17: Chemistry in Everyday Life

Chemicals in medicines: analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, and antihistamines.

Chemicals in food: Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents.

Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

Question Type

Number of Questions

Number of Questions to be Attempted

Marks per Question

MCQs

42

35

1

Subjective Questions (Short Answer)

18

10

2

Subjective Questions (Long Answer)

6

3

5

S.No

Experiment Topic

Description

1

Preparation of Inorganic Compounds

- Preparation of double salt of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate or Potash Alum - Preparation of Potassium Ferric Oxalate

2

Electrochemistry

- Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn2+

3

Preparation of Organic Compounds

Preparation of any one of the following compounds

Acetanilide

Di -benzal Acetone

p-Nitroacetanilide

Aniline yellow or 2 - Naphthol Aniline dye

4

Surface Chemistry

- Preparation of one lyophilic sol (starch, egg albumin, and gum) - Preparation of one lyophobic sol (aluminium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenous sulphide) - Dialysis of sol prepared in lyophilic sol - Study of the role of emulsifying agents in stabilizing the emulsion of different oils

5

Determination of concentration/ molarity of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against a standard solution of:

Oxalic acid

Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (Students will be required to prepare standard solutions by weighing themselves).

6

Thermochemistry (Any one of the following experiments)

- Enthalpy of dissolution of Copper Sulphate or Potassium Nitrate - Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCl) and strong base (NaOH) - Determination of enthalpy change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation) between Acetone and Chloroform

7

Chemical Kinetics

- Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid - Study of reaction rates of any one of the following: - Reaction of Iodide ion with Hydrogen Peroxide at room temperature using different concentrations of Iodide ions. - Reaction between Potassium Iodate (KIO3) and Sodium Sulphite (Na2SO3) using starch solution as an indicator (clock reaction)

8

Chromatography

- Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper chromatography and determination of Rf values - Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only (constituents having large differences in Rf values to be provided)

9

Qualitative Analysis:

Determination of one cation and one anion in a given salt. Cation - Pb2 +, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ , Mg2+,[NH4] + Anions – [CO3] 2- , S2- , [SO3] 2- , [SO4] 2- , [NO2] - , Cl- ,Br- , I- , [PO4] 3- , [C2O4] 2- , CH3COO- (Note: Insoluble salts excluded)

10

Characteristic tests

Characteristic tests of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in pure samples and their detection in given foodstuffs.

11

Tests for the functional groups present in organic compounds:

Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (Primary) groups.

Evaluation Scheme

Marks

Volumetric Analysis

8

Salt Analysis

8

Project Work

4

Content-Based Experiment

6

Class Record and Viva

4