Nagaland Board Class 12th Business Studies Syllabus 2025-26: Download PDF Below

Unit

Topics / Content

Weightage (Marks)

Detailed Explanation

1. Nature and Significance of Management

- Meaning, characteristics, and objectives of management - Importance of management - Levels of management - Functions of management - Coordination as an essence of management

6

This unit introduces management as a discipline and process. Students study how management coordinates organizational resources like men, money, materials, and machines. The focus is on understanding how managerial functions (planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling) combine to achieve objectives efficiently.

2. Principles of Management

- Concept and significance - Fayol’s Principles of Management - Taylor’s Scientific Management principles and techniques

6

Students are introduced to classical management thinkers like Henri Fayol and F.W. Taylor. They explore how principles such as division of work, unity of command, and discipline, along with scientific techniques like time study and motion study, help improve organizational efficiency.

3. Business Environment

- Meaning and importance - Dimensions of business environment: Economic, Social, Technological, Political, Legal

6

This unit explores how businesses operate in a dynamic environment influenced by external factors. Students understand how government policies, economic reforms, technological changes, and social attitudes impact decision-making in firms.

4. Planning

- Meaning and importance - Features and limitations - Types of plans: Objectives, strategy, policy, procedure, methods, rules, programmes, budgets

6

Students learn planning as the first step in management. They analyze how planning provides direction but also has limitations like rigidity. Different types of plans are explained with examples for practical clarity.

5. Organizing

- Meaning and importance - Process of organizing - Structure of organization: Functional and Divisional - Formal and informal organization - Delegation of authority and Decentralization

6

This unit focuses on the structuring of organizations to achieve goals. Students understand how departments are created, authority is delegated, and decision-making can be centralized or decentralized depending on business needs.

6. Staffing

- Meaning and importance - Recruitment, selection, training, development - Performance appraisal, promotion, compensation

6

Staffing is studied as a key managerial function. Students examine the human resource cycle, starting from recruitment to employee appraisal and promotions. Emphasis is given to how proper staffing enhances productivity and morale.

7. Directing

- Concept and importance - Elements: Supervision, Motivation, Leadership, Communication

6

Directing ensures employees work towards organizational goals. Students learn about leadership styles, motivational theories (Maslow’s hierarchy, Herzberg’s theory), and effective communication. The focus is on how direction integrates efforts.

8. Controlling

- Concept and importance - Steps in controlling process - Relationship between planning and controlling

6

Controlling ensures actual performance matches planned targets. Students learn about setting standards, measuring performance, and taking corrective action. The linkage between planning and controlling is emphasized.

9. Financial Management

- Financial decisions: Investment, financing, dividend - Objectives of financial management - Factors affecting financial decisions - Capital structure and fixed/working capital

8

Students are introduced to managing finances of a company. They study how investment, financing, and dividend decisions are made, and how factors like risk, cost, and profitability affect financial planning.

10. Financial Markets

- Concept and types: Capital market and Money market - Primary and secondary markets - Stock exchange functions - Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) – objectives and functions

8

This unit explains how financial markets facilitate flow of funds in the economy. Students understand the difference between money market (short-term funds) and capital market (long-term funds), and the regulatory role of SEBI.

11. Marketing Management

- Concept and functions of marketing - Marketing mix: Product, Price, Place, Promotion - Product life cycle - Branding, packaging, labelling

10

Marketing is studied as a key business activity. Students learn the components of the marketing mix and how strategies evolve as products move through their life cycle. Focus is given to modern concepts like branding and digital marketing.

12. Consumer Protection

- Importance of consumer protection - Consumer rights and responsibilities - Consumer Protection Act provisions - Redressal agencies

8

This unit emphasizes the rights and responsibilities of consumers. Students learn about consumer protection legislation, the need for consumer awareness, and the functioning of redressal forums like District Forum, State Commission, and National Commission.