Maharashtra Board 12th Biology Syllabus 2025-26: Download PDF Below

Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education

Prateek Tomar
Prateek Tomar

Maharashtra class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26 is designed in alignment with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. This aims at emphasizing more on the practical applications. The Msbshse class 12 Biology syllabus is divided into two sections. Section 1 is for Botany and section 2 is for Zoology. There are 6 units and 9 chapters in Botany while 6 units and 10 chapters in Zoology. Some of the important chapters that will carry the maximum weightage in the exam are Reproduction, Genetics and Evolution, Biotechnology and its Application, and Ecology and Environment. The Maharashtra class 12 Biology question paper will contain different kinds of questions including, multiple choice questions, very short answer type, short answer type, and long answer questions.

DownloadMaharashtra class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26 here

Maharashtra class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26

Students can refer to the information about the Maharashtra class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26 from the table given below. Make sure to complete the syllabus before the board exams and revise it accordingly.

Unit Name

Chapter Name

Content

Section I – BOTANY

Unit 1: Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 1 - Genetic Basis of Inheritance

  • Mendelian inheritance. Deviations from Mendelian ratio (gene interaction incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups), Pleiotropy, Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance.

Chapter 2 - Gene: its nature, expression, and regulation

  • The modern concept of the gene is brief-cistron, muton, and recon. DNA as genetic material, the structure of DNA as given by Watson and Crick's model, DNA Packaging, semi-conservative replication of eukaryotic DNA.
  • RNA: General structure, types, and functions.
  • Protein Synthesis; central dogma, Transcription; Translation-Genetic Code,
  • Gene Expression and Gene Regulation (The Lac operon as a typical model of gene regulation)

Unit 2: Biotechnology and its Application

Chapter 3 - Biotechnology: Process and Application

  • Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology):
  • Transposons, Plasmids, Bacteriophages; Producing Restriction Fragments, Preparing and cloning a DNA Library, Gene Amplification (PCR).
  • Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture – BT crops
  • Biosafety Issues (Biopiracy and patents)

Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 4 - Enhancement in Food Production

  • Plant Breeding
  • Tissue Culture: Concept of Cellular
  • Totipotency, Requirements of Tissue Culture (in brief),
  • Callus Culture, Suspension Culture.
  • Single Cell Protein.
  • Biofortification.

Chapter 5 - Microbes in Human Welfare

  • Microbes in Household Food Processing.
  • Microbes in Industrial Production.
  • Microbes in Sewage Treatment.
  • Microbes in Biogas (energy) Production.
  • Microbes as Biocontrol Agents.
  • Microbes as Biofertilizers.

Unit 4: Plant Physiology

Chapter 6 - Photosynthesis

  • Autotrophic nutrition
  • Site of Photosynthesis
  • Photosynthetic Pigments and their Role.
  • Light-dependent reactions (Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation)
  • Light-Independent Reactions (C3 and C4 Pathways)
  • Chemiosmotic hypothesis, Photorespiration, and Factors affecting Photosynthesis.
  • Law of Limiting Factors

Chapter 7 - Respiration

  • ATP as the currency of Energy
  • Mechanism of Aerobic (Glycolysis, TCA
  • Cycle, and Electron Transport System) and Anaerobic Respiration.
  • Fermentation
  • Exchange of gases
  • Amphibolic pathway. The respiratory quotient of Nutrients.
  • Significance of Respiration

Unit 5: Reproduction in Organisms

Chapter 8 - Reproduction in Plants

  • Modes of Reproduction (Asexual and Sexual).
  • Asexual reproduction; uniparental modes vegetative propagation, micropropagation
  • Sexual Reproduction: structure of flower
  • Development of male gametophyte,
  • Structure of anatropous ovule.
  • Development of female Gametophyte.
  • Pollination: Types and Agencies.
  • Outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction.
  • Double Fertilization: Process and Significance.
  • Post-fertilization changes (development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed, and formation of fruit)
  • Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony. Significance of seed and fruit formation

Unit 6: Ecology and Environment

Chapter 9: Organisms and Environment -I: Habitat and Niche

  • Ecosystems: Patterns, components, productivity and composition, energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycling (carbon and
  • phosphorous).
  • Ecological succession, Ecological services carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen
  • release. Environmental issues: agrochemicals and their effects, solid waste
  • management, Greenhouse effect and global warming, ozone depletion, deforestation, case studies (any two).

Section II - ZOOLOGY

Unit 1: Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 10 - Origin and the Evolution of Life

  • Origin of Life: Early Earth, Spontaneous,
  • assembly of organic compounds,
  • Evolution: Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic Theory of evolution, Biological Evidences, Mechanism of evolution; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy Weinberg principle; Adaptive radiation. Origin and Evolution of Human Beings

Chapter 11 - Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

  • The Chromosomal Theory.
  • Chromosomes.
  • Linkage and Crossing Over.
  • Sex-linked Inheritance (Haemophilia and color blindness).
  • Sex Determination in Human being, birds, honey bee.Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia. Chromosomal disorders in humans: Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, and Klinfelter’s
  • syndrome.

Unit 2: Biotechnology and its Application

Chapter 12- Genetic Engineering and Genomics

  • DNA Finger Printing.
  • Genomics and Human Genome Project.
  • Biotechnological Applications in Health:
  • Human insulin and vaccine production,
  • Gene Therapy. Transgenic animals

Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare

Chapter 13- Human Health and Diseases

  • Concepts of Immunology: Immunity Types, Vaccines,
  • Structure of Antibody, Antigen-Antibody
  • Complex, Antigens on blood cells.
  • Pathogens and Parasites (Amoebiasis, Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, Common cold, and ringworm).
  • Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
  • Cancer and AIDS.

Chapter 14- Animal Husbandry

  • Management of Farms and Farm Animals. Dairy. Poultry. Animal Breeding. Bee-Keeping. Fisheries. Sericulture Lac culture

Unit 4: Human Physiology

Chapter 15- Circulation

  • Blood composition and coagulation, Blood groups.
  • Structure and pumping action of Heart.
  • Blood Vessels.
  • Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation.
  • Heart beat and Pulse. Rhythmicity of Heart beat. Cardiac output, Regulation of cardiac activity.
  • Blood-related disorders: Hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, and heart failure.
  • ECG, Lymphatic System (Brief idea):
  • Composition of lymph and its functions.

Chapter 16- Excretion and osmoregulation

  • Modes of excretion-Ammonotelism,
  • ureotelism, uricotelism.
  • Excretory System.
  • Composition and formation of urine.
  • Role of Kidney in Osmoregulation.
  • Regulation of kidney function: renin-angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor,
  • ADH and Diabetes inspidus, the role of other organs in excretion.
  • Disorders; Kidney failure, Dialysis, Kidney stone (renal calculi). Transplantation.
  • Uraemia, nephritis.

Chapter 17- Control and Coordination

  • Nervous System
  • Structure and functions of brain and
  • Spinal cord, brief idea about PNS and ANS.
  • Transmission of nerve impulse.
  • Reflex action.
  • Sensory receptors (eye and ear), Sensory perception, and the general idea of other sense organs.
  • Endocrine System
  • Endocrine glands
  • Hormones and their functions
  • Mechanism of hormone action.
  • Hormones as messengers and regulators.
  • Hormonal imbalance and diseases:
  • Common disorders (Dwarfism,
  • Acromegaly, cretinism, goiter,
  • exophthalmic goiter, Diabetes mellitus, Addison’s disease)

Unit 5: Reproduction in Organisms

Chapter 18- Human Reproduction

  • Reproductive system in male and female.
  • Histology of testis and ovary. Reproductive cycle.
  • Production of gametes, fertilization, implantation.
  • Embryo development up to three germinal layers.
  • Pregnancy, placenta, parturition, and
  • lactation (Elementary idea).
  • Reproductive health-birth control,
  • Contraception, and sexually transmitted Diseases.
  • MTP, Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit 6: Ecology and Environment

Chapter 19- Organisms and Environment-II

  • Population and ecological adaptations: population interactions,
  • competition, predation, parasitism,
  • population attributes- growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
  • Biodiversity and its conservation
  • Biodiversity- concept, patterns, importance, loss. Threats to and need for biodiversity conservation, Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, red data book, biosphere reserves, national parks, and sanctuaries. Environmental issues: air pollution and its control, water pollution and its control, and radioactive waste management. (Case studies any two)

Maharashtra class 12 Biology Syllabus 2025-26 for Practicals

The experiments that can be included in the MSBSHSE class 12 Biology practical syllabus for the academic year 2025-26 are listed below:

Maharashtra class 12 Biology Experiments

  • Dissect the given flower and display different whorls. Dissect anther and ovary to show number of chambers.
  • Study pollen germination on a slide.
  • Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity of soil. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
  • Study of plant population density and frequency by quadrat method.
  • Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
  • Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography.
  • A) To study the rate of respiration in flower buds/ leaf tissue and germinating seeds. B) Demonstration of anaerobic respiration.
  • Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at the two widely different Sites.
  • Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organisms.
  • To test the presence of urea and sugar in urine.
  • To test the presence of albumin and bile salts in urine.

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