Punjab Board Class 12th Political Science Syllabus 2025-26: Download PDF here

Political Theories

Part 1

Unit 1: Political System

• Meaning, Characteristics
• Functions of Political System
• David Easton’s input output model
• Difference between state and political system

Part II

Unit 2: Major Contemporary Political Theories

• Liberalism
• Marxism
• Political Ideas of Mahatma Gandhi

Part III

Unit 3

(i) Bureaucracy (Civil Services)

• Meaning and Importance
• Recruitment, Role and Functions
• Distinction between Political Executive and Permanent Executive and their respective roles

(ii) Public Opinion

• Role and Importance of public opinion in a democratic polity
• Agencies for the formulation and expression of public opinion

Part- IV

Unit 4: (i) Party System

• Political parties- their functions and importance
• Basis of formation of political parties
• Tyoes of party system
• The role of opposition

(ii) Interest and Pressure Groups

• Interest groups and pressure groups- their nature types and functions
• Ways of functioning of pressure groups

Indian Political System

Part- V

Unit 1: (i) Indian Democracy

• Parliamentary Model
• Problems and challenges to Indian democracy & future of Indian democracy

(ii) Democracy at Grass root

• Concept of Panchayati Raj
• Structure and Working of Panchayati Raj (73th Amendment)
• Panchayati Raj- Some Problems
• Local bodies in Urban Areas (74th Amendment)

Part- VI

Unit 2:

(i) Party System in India

• Nature of party system in India
• Study of major 4 national political parties (INC, BJP, CPI, CPI-M) their programs and policies
• Regional political parties in Punjab (SAD, AAP)
• Problems facing the Indian Party System

(ii) Electoral Systems

• Adult franchise direct and indirect elections and people’s participation
• Voting behaviour- meaning and determinants
• Election Commission and election procedure

Part-VII

Unit 3

(i) National Integration

• Problems of national integration
• Steps taken to promote national integration

(ii) Foreign Policy of India

• Determinants of Foreign Policy
• Basic principles of Foreign Policy
• India and the United Nations, India, and SAARC

Part-VIII

Unit 4 India and the World

• India’s relations with her neighbours: Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Bangladesh, and Pakistan
• India’s relation with USA and Russia
• India’s approach to major world issues: Human Rights, Disarmament, and Globalisation