The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has officially released the CBSE Class 12 Economics syllabus 2025-26 for the upcoming academic session. This syllabus is essential for students aiming to score well in the 2026 CBSE board exams, as it outlines both theory and project components in detail. In this article, students can explore the latest Class 12 Economics syllabus, understand its unit-wise weightage, exam pattern, and download the official CBSE Economics syllabus 2025-26 PDF.
CBSE 12th Economics Syllabus 2025-26 PDF Download
To access the official CBSE Class 12 Economics syllabus 2025-26 PDF, students can visit the official CBSE academic portal or use the direct link provided below:
Download CBSE 12th Economics Syllabus 2025-26 PDF
CBSE 12th Economics Syllabus 2025-26: Overview
- Subject Code: 030
- Theory Marks: 80
- Project Work: 20
- Total Marks: 100
- Exam Duration: 3 Hours
The syllabus is divided into three parts:
- Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics (40 marks)
- Part B: Indian Economic Development (40 marks)
- Part C: Project Work (20 marks)
CBSE Class 12 Economics Syllabus 2025–26: Detailed Syllabus
| Part | Unit No. | Unit Title | Topics and Subtopics |
| Part A: Introductory Macroeconomics (40 Marks) | 1 | National Income and Related Aggregates | - What is Macroeconomics? - Basic concepts: consumption goods, capital goods, final goods, intermediate goods - Stocks and flows; gross investment and depreciation - Circular flow of income (two-sector model) - Methods of National Income calculation: Value Added, Expenditure, Income methods - Aggregates: GDP, NDP, GNP, NNP at market price and factor cost - Real and Nominal GDP, GDP deflator, GDP and Welfare |
| 2 | Money and Banking | - Money: meaning and functions - Supply of money: currency held by public + demand deposits in banks - Money creation by commercial banks - Central Bank (RBI): functions as Bank of Issue, Banker to Government and Banks - Credit control tools: Bank Rate, CRR, SLR, Repo & Reverse Repo Rates, OMO, Margin Requirements | |
| 3 | Determination of Income and Employment | - Aggregate Demand and its components - Propensity to consume and save (average and marginal) - Short-run equilibrium output - Investment multiplier and mechanism - Full employment & involuntary unemployment - Excess and deficient demand, corrective fiscal and monetary measures | |
| 4 | Government Budget and the Economy | - Meaning, objectives, and components of government budget - Classification: revenue and capital receipts, revenue and capital expenditure - Types: Balanced, Surplus, and Deficit budgets - Measures of government deficit | |
| 5 | Balance of Payments | - BOP account: meaning and components - Surplus and deficit in BOP - Exchange rate systems: fixed, flexible, managed floating - Market-based exchange rate determination - Merits & demerits of exchange rate systems | |
| Part B: Indian Economic Development (40 Marks) | 6 | Development Experience (1947–90) and Economic Reforms Since 1991 | - Indian economy at the time of independence - Five-Year Plans: goals and achievements - Agriculture: institutional reforms, Green Revolution - Industry: IPR 1956, Small Scale Industries (SSI) - Foreign trade - Economic reforms since 1991: Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation (LPG) - Concepts of Demonetisation and GST |
| 7 | Current Challenges Facing Indian Economy | - Human Capital Formation: concept and significance - Growth of education sector in India - Rural Development: issues in credit, marketing, cooperatives - Agricultural diversification and organic farming - Employment trends: formal vs informal sectors, problems and solutions - Sustainable Development: definition, impact on resources, environment, global warming | |
| 8 | Development Experience of India – A Comparison with Neighbours | - Comparative study: India vs China, India vs Pakistan - Indicators: economic growth, population, sectoral distribution, Human Development Indicators (HDIs) | |
| Part C: Project Work (20 Marks) | — | Project in Economics | - One project on any economic issue/topic - Demonstrates conceptual clarity, data handling, analytical & presentation skills |
CBSE Class 12 Economics Question Paper Design 2025-26
The CBSE Class 12 Economics exam will assess students on three levels:
| Cognitive Level | Marks | Weightage |
| Remembering and Understanding | 32 | 40% |
| Application of Knowledge | 24 | 30% |
| Analysis, Evaluation and Creation | 24 | 30% |
| Total | 80 | 100% |
Students are expected to demonstrate not just recall but also higher-order thinking skills.
Prescribed NCERT Books
- Introductory Microeconomics – Class XII
- Macroeconomics – Class XII
- Indian Economic Development – Class XII
- Statistics for Economics – Class XI (for background)
- CBSE Supplementary Reading Material (Hindi/English)
Preparation Tips for CBSE 12th Economics Board Exam 2026
- Focus on understanding core macroeconomic concepts thoroughly.
- Practice solving previous years’ question papers and CBSE sample papers.
- Pay special attention to project work—choose a topic that connects with current economic issues.
- Use NCERT textbooks and CBSE supplementary material for conceptual clarity.
- Allocate time according to weightage—spend more time on 12 and 20-mark units.
The CBSE Class 12 Economics syllabus 2025-26 offers a balanced mix of theoretical knowledge and real-world application. With an updated and structured framework, students are encouraged to develop analytical skills and a deeper understanding of the Indian and global economies. Download the official PDF and start preparing early for the March 2026 board exam.
